Artemisinin and its Derivatives in the Treatment of Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor with very limited treatment options. Artemisinin, an anti-malarial drug derived from Artemisia annua, has shown potent anti-cancer activity in GBM models. This review evaluates the evidence for its therapeutic potential.

Methods: A systematic search of preclinical and clinical studies was performed. In-vitro and in-vivo studies assessing the effect of artemisinin or its derivatives (artesunate, artemether) on GBM cell viability, apoptosis, and tumor growth were included, along with any available clinical case reports or trials.

Results: The review included 25 preclinical studies and 3 case series. Preclinical data consistently demonstrated that artemisinins induce iron-dependent apoptosis (ferroptosis) in GBM cells, inhibit angiogenesis, and cross the blood-brain barrier. Clinical case reports suggest potential benefits in combination with standard therapy, but formal trial data is lacking.

Discussion: Artemisinins represent a promising therapeutic strategy for GBM due to their unique mechanism of action and ability to penetrate the central nervous system. The lack of robust clinical data is a major gap.

Conclusion: There is a strong preclinical basis for using artemisinins in glioblastoma treatment, warranting urgent clinical investigation.