The Effects of Ginseng Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: Age-related cognitive decline is a growing concern. Panax ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb purported to have neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects. This review synthesizes the available clinical evidence on the impact of ginseng on cognitive performance in the elderly population.

Methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, CENTRAL, and CINAHL were searched for RCTs investigating the effects of any type of ginseng on cognitive function in adults aged 60 and older. Cognitive outcomes included memory, attention, and executive function.

Results: Fourteen RCTs (n=1,230 participants) were included. The results were mixed. While some studies reported significant improvements in specific domains, such as working memory and processing speed, a meta-analysis of global cognitive scores (e.g., MMSE) showed no statistically significant effect (Mean Difference = 0.25, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.65). Subgroup analysis suggested potential benefits for specific preparations and dosages.

Discussion: The current evidence for ginseng as a cognitive enhancer in older adults is inconclusive. The variability in study design, ginseng species (Panax ginseng vs. Panax quinquefolius), extract standardization, and outcome measures contributes to the heterogeneity of the results.

Conclusion: There is insufficient high-quality evidence to support the use of ginseng for preventing or treating age-related cognitive decline. Rigorous, large-scale RCTs with standardized interventions are warranted.