Propolis and its Anti-Cancer Properties: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Mechanisms

Abstract

Introduction: Propolis, a resinous substance collected by honeybees, has a long history of use in traditional medicine. Its complex chemical composition, rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids, gives it a wide range of biological activities, including anti-cancer effects. This review summarizes its preclinical anti-cancer mechanisms.

Methods: A comprehensive search of preclinical studies was conducted. We included in-vitro and in-vivo studies that investigated the molecular mechanisms through which propolis extracts or their isolated compounds exerted anti-cancer effects.

Results: The analysis of over 80 studies revealed that propolis acts on multiple cancer hallmarks. It induced apoptosis, inhibited cell proliferation, suppressed angiogenesis, prevented metastasis by inhibiting cell migration, and exhibited immunomodulatory effects by activating natural killer cells.

Discussion: Propolis is a powerful natural agent that fights cancer on multiple fronts. The synergistic action of its many bioactive components makes it a promising candidate for integrative oncology, though standardization remains a challenge.

Conclusion: Preclinical data demonstrate that propolis possesses potent, multi-targeted anti-cancer properties.